Producing transformations to study them: concept development in activity clinics / Produzir transformações para estudá-las: desenvolvimento de conceitos na clínica de atividade / Producir transformaciones para estudiarlas: Desarrollo de Conceptos en la Clínica de Actividad

Concepts are at the core of human psychological experience. By means of them, we can communicate, understand and collaborate with each other. Within each community, concepts have been learned and can be taught. They are of capital importance for education in every level and for work activities. Concepts have been the object of study of different disciplines and in different contexts for many years. Despite their importance and the attention they have received, both common sense and psychological science understand concepts in an oversimplified way that has consequences for research and teaching. Early in the past century, Vygotsky studied the phenomena of concepts and their development in what ended up addressing most of the loose ends that remain in current dominant psychological and educational perspectives. In this article, we review the main, hegemonic perspectives on concepts in psychology, particularly one of the mayor research fields in educational psychology (Research on Conceptual Change), to present later some crosscutting criticisms to those approaches that will become our touchstone for a sound theory of concepts. Then we present the Vygotskian approach to concept development, and the methodological implications derived from the dialectical framework in which it is inscribed. Finally, extending the Vygotskian approach beyond child development, we present a method developed in French work psychology, the Activity Clinics approach, and its potential for studying the development of concepts in work activities. (AU)

Os conceitos estão no coração da experiência psicológica humana. Graças a eles, podemos nos comunicar, entender e colaborar uns com os outros. Dentro de cada comunidade, os conceitos têm sido aprendidos e podem ser ensinados. Eles são de fundamental importância para a educação em todos os níveis e para as atividades de trabalho. Os conceitos têm sido objeto de estudo em diferentes disciplinas e em diferentes contextos durante anos. Apesar de sua importância e da atenção que receberam, tanto o senso comum quanto a ciência psicológica compreendem conceitos de uma forma muito simplificada que tem consequências para a pesquisa e o ensino. No início do século passado, Vygotsky estudou os conceitos e seu desenvolvimento naquilo que acabaria por abordar a maioria das pontas soltas que permanecem nas perspectivas psicológicas e educacionais dominantes de hoje. Neste artigo, revisamos as principais perspectivas psicológicas sobre conceitos, em particular um dos principais campos de pesquisa em psicologia educacional que tem tratado do fenômeno (Pesquisa sobre Mudança Conceitual), e depois apresentamos algumas críticas transversais daquelas abordagens que se tornarão nossa "pedra de toque" para uma sólida teoria de conceitos. Apresentamos então a abordagem de Vygotsky para o desenvolvimento de conceitos e as implicações metodológicas derivadas da estrutura dialética na qual ela está inserida. Finalmente, estendendo a abordagem de Vygotsky para além do desenvolvimento infantil, apresentamos um método desenvolvido em psicologia do trabalho francês, a Clínica de Atividade, e seu potencial para estudar o desenvolvimento do conceito em atividades de trabalho. (AU)

Los conceptos están al centro de la experiencia psicológica humana. Gracias a ellos, podemos comunicarnos, comprendernos y colaborar entre nosotros. Dentro de cada comunidad, los conceptos se han aprendido y se pueden enseñar. Son de fundamental importancia para la educación en todos los niveles y para las actividades del trabajo. Los conceptos han sido objeto de estudio de diferentes disciplinas y en diferentes contextos durante años. A pesar de su importancia y de la atención que han recibido, tanto el sentido común como la ciencia psicológica entienden los conceptos de una manera Sobre simplificada que tiene consecuencias para la investigación y la enseñanza. A principios del siglo pasado, Vygotsky estudió los conceptos y su desarrollo en lo que acabaría ocupándose de la mayoría de los cabos sueltos que quedan en las perspectivas psicológicas y educativas actualmente dominantes. En este artículo, revisamos las principales perspectivas psicológicas sobre los conceptos, en particular uno de los principales campos de investigación en psicología educacional que se ha ocupado del fenómeno (Investigación en Cambio Conceptual), para presentar enseguida algunas críticas transversales a esos enfoques que se convertirán en nuestra "piedra de toque" para una sólida teoría de los conceptos. Luego presentamos el enfoque Vygotskiano del desarrollo de conceptos, y las implicaciones metodológicas derivadas del marco dialéctico en el que se inscribe. Finalmente, ampliando el enfoque Vygotskiano más allá del desarrollo infantil, presentamos un método desarrollado en la psicología del trabajo francesa, la Clínica de la Actividad, y su potencial para estudiar el desarrollo de los conceptos en las actividades del trabajo. (AU)

The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada.

Widespread misperceptions about COVID-19 and the novel coronavirus threaten to exacerbate the severity of the pandemic. We conducted preregistered survey experiments in the United States, Great Britain and Canada examining the effectiveness of fact-checks that seek to correct these false or unsupported beliefs. Across three countries with differing levels of political conflict over the pandemic response, we demonstrate that fact-checks reduce targeted misperceptions, especially among the groups who are most vulnerable to these claims, and have minimal spillover effects on the accuracy of related beliefs. However, these reductions in COVID-19 misperception beliefs do not persist over time in panel data even after repeated exposure. These results suggest that fact-checks can successfully change the COVID-19 beliefs of the people who would benefit from them most but that their effects are ephemeral.

Modelos epistemológicos en la consolidación de la psicología social / Epistemological models in the consolidation of social psychology

La psicología social se ha constituido en referencia necesaria a la hora de comprender los fenómenos socioculturales de la actualidad. Al acercarse a esta disciplina, es con-veniente reconocer grosso modo algunas corrientes de pensamiento que han ejercido una notable influencia. Desde el Medioevo, el concepto de alma abría un panorama inédito que más adelante sería vinculado con el objeto de estudio de la psicología; más adelante, el método científico ofrecía la posibilidad de analizar la psique humana desde una perspectiva más positivista, que, aunque seguía atendiendo al ejercicio introspec-tivo, ya no pretendía comprender y/o definir el alma, pero sí los procesos psicológicos básicos entre los que se incluía la dimensión sociocultural del ser humano. Se van perfi-lando progresivamente dos enfoques: el de la psicología social psicológica que parte de la práctica experimental de Wilhelm Wundt y de su propuesta de la Völkerpsychologie, y el de la psicología social sociológica que atiende no tanto a los aspectos psíquicos de la socialización humana, sino al tejido relacional que ocurre desde prácticas y con-textos específicos. Este acercamiento permite diferenciar los principales enfoques que han inspirado el objeto de estudio y los modos de intervención propios de la psicología social

Social psychology has become a necessary reference when it comes to understanding current sociocultural phenomena. When approaching this discipline, it is convenient to roughly recognize some currents of thought that have exerted a remarkable influence. Since the Middle Ages, the concept of the soul opened an unprecedented panorama that would later be linked to the object of study of psychology; later, the scientific method offered the possibility of analyzing the human psyche from a more positivist perspective, which, although it continued to focus on the introspective exercise, no longer sought to understand and/or define the soul, but rather the basic psychological processes among which the sociocultural dimension of the human being was included. Two approaches gradually emerged: that of social psychological psychology, based on Wilhelm Wundt's experimental practice and his proposal of Völkerpsychologie, and that of sociological social psychology, which focuses not so much on the psychic aspects of human socialization, but on the relational fabric that occurs in specific practical con-texts. This approach makes it possible to differentiate the main approaches that have inspired the object of study and the modes of intervention proper to social psychology

Avances en Psicología Social Libertaria para autogestión activa: QCA mejorada y reflexiones desde República Dominicana / Advances in Libertarian Socialist Social Psychology’s Self-management: enhanced QCA and reflections from the Dominican Republic

Profundizo en una observación participante en una comunidad libertaria que emerge como mi-noría activa en las metrópolis de República Dominicana, mediante veinte entrevistas en pro-fundidad a diez personas a principios y a finales del 2013. Reconstruyo un modelo teórico dis-tinguiendo entre el compromiso de autogestión activo del pasivo. En este adelanto, presento una explicación mejorada del resultado de interés (laautogestión activa), gracias a un diálogo entre teorías y evidencias, junto a una revisión metodológica mejorada. Para la explicación de la autogestión activa, opto por la conjugación de dos condiciones principales: 1) las multiplici-dades discursivas, el solapamiento de herramientas comunitarias del discurso autogestionario como optimizadores de la autogestión; y 2) las actitudes personales que facilitan asumir un rol protagónico en el compromiso autogestionario como sujeto. Distingo esta explicación cuando hay un compromiso autogestionario libertario más general en comparación con el compromiso específicamente anarquista. (AU)

Drawing from exploratory participant observation with libertarian socialist groups and indi-viduals emerging as active minorities in the metropolitan areas of the Dominican Republic, twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with ten participants in the beginning and the end of 2013. An advanced theoretical model was reconstructed, which distinguished itself between the persons as the commitment of active self-management, and the passive self-management commitment. This improvement is done thanks to a more profound dialogue between theories and evidence and an enhanced methodological framework. From the explanation of the active self-management we can see the combination of: 1) discursive multiplicities, the overlap of communitarian tools of discourse self-management of the cases studied as optimizers; and 2) personal attitudes that facilitate one taking a protagonist role in self-management commit-ment as a subject. These conditions are differentiated when explaining the most general lib-ertarian socialist self-management commitment separated from the specifically anarchist commitment. (AU)

A contribuição dos estudos críticos da branquitude para compreensão do preconceito racial na psicologia social / La contribución de los estudios críticos del blanqueo a la comprensión del prejuicio racial en la psicología social / The contribution of critical whiteness studies to the understanding of racial prejudice in social psychology

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as principais abordagens em que a psicologia social clássica norte-americana teorizou sobre o preconceito racial, o racismo e o antirracismo e, a partir delas, trazer os estudos críticos da branquitude como possibilidades para superar os limi-tes identificados nessa corrente, que ora apresenta um indivíduo fora da estrutura, ora a estru-tura sem indivíduos. Para isto, neste artigo definimos três abordagens propostas pela psicologia social norte-americana: teste de associação implícita; teoria do contato intergrupal e racismo aversivo; e emoções específicas. A partir daí mostramos como os estudos críticos da branquitu-de se apresentam como uma síntese entre essas duas posições opostas, que oscilam entre o in-divíduo e a estrutura. Nesta perspectiva, a estrutura se manifesta na própria experiência sub-jetiva do indivíduo, que se torna capaz de identificá-la em seu próprio campo experiencial. (AU)

The goal of this article is to present the main approaches through which classical North Amer-ican social psychology has theorized about racial prejudice, racism and antiracism, and on that basis present critical whiteness studies as possibilities to overcome the limits identified within these approaches, which presents us either with individuals outside the structure, or with a structure with no individuals. For that purpose, in this article we identify three main ap-proaches in North American social psychology: implicit association test; intergroup contact theory and aversive racism; and specific emotions. On that basis we show how critical white-ness studies may be presented as a synthesis between these two extremes, which oscillates between the individual and the structure. In this perspective, the structure is manifested in the individual’s subjective experience in the world, and thus identifiable in one’s own experi-ential field. (AU)

Escrita literária em grupo: uma experiência coletiva / Literary writing in group: a collective experience / Escritura literaria en grupo: una experiencia colectiva

Frequentemente a concepção da escrita em grupos pressupõe o indivíduo como unidade mínima de organização subjetiva. Nesta direção, o termo coletivo é entendido como sinônimo de social ou agrupamento de indivíduos - e em oposição ao termo individual. Contudo, é possível pensar a escrita como um processo eminentemente coletivo - quer ocorra solitariamente, quer em grupos. O artigo toma como referência o conceito de coletivo de Félix Guattari e os estudos da produção da subjetividade. O objetivo é discutir experimentações de escrita literária com um grupo de escritores amadores e analisar seus efeitos. A pesquisa foi realizada no Clube de Leitura e Escrita Prosa na Roda e se baseou no método da cartografia. Discute o uso de textos literários para ativação da escrita, a reverberação dos encontros e a importância da regularidade do trabalho. Três analisadores emergiram dos relatos dos participantes: confiança, gentileza e força do encontro presencial - que evidenciaram efeitos da escrita em cada um. (AU)

The conception of writing in groups frequently presupposes the individual as a minimum unit of subjective organization. In this article, the term collective is understood as a synonym for social or grouping of individuals - and in opposition to the term individual. However, it is possible to think of writing as an eminently collective process - whether it occurs alone or in groups. The article takes as a reference the concept of collective by Félix Guattari and the studies of the production of subjectivity. The aim is to discuss literary writing experiments with a group of amateur writers and analyze their effects. The research was carried out at the reading and writing club called "Clube de Leitura e Escrita Prosana Roda" and was based on the cartography method. We discuss the use of literary texts to ignite writing, as well as the reverberation of meetings and the importance of regular work. Three analyzers emerged from the participants' reports: the confidence, the kindness and the power of face-to-face meetings - which evidenced the effects of writing on each person. (AU)

A menudo, la concepción de la escritura en grupos presupone al individuo como unidad mínima de organización subjetiva. En este sentido, el término colectivo se entiende como sinónimo de social o agrupación de individuos - y en oposición al término individual. Sin embargo, es posible pensar en la escritura como un proceso eminentemente colectivo, ya sea solo o en grupo. El artículo toma como referencia el concepto de colectivo de Félix Guattari y los estudios de producción de subjetividad. El objetivo es discutir los experimentos de escritura literaria con un grupo de escritores aficionados y analizar sus efectos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el Clube de Leitura e Escrita Prosa na Roda y se basó en el método cartográfico. Analiza el uso de textos literarios para activar la escritura, la reverberación de las reuniones y la importancia del trabajo regular. De los informes de los participantes surgieron tres analizadores: la confianza, la amabilidad y la fuerza del encuentro presencial, que evidenció los efectos de la escritura en cada uno. (AU)

Social psychology and COVID-19: What the field can tell us about behavior in a pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc in the lives of people around the world. Pandemics are powerful situations that can be examined from a social psychological lens. In this special section, four articles present data collected before and during the pandemic, providing a type of quasi-experimental design that helped examine the impact of the pandemic on social behavior. A number of findings emerged: the pandemic potentially increased instances of cyberbullying; the pandemic may have increased reports that Black-White intergroup interactions are more competitive and discriminatory; the pandemic may have reduced negative attitudes and bias in domestic versus international students in the U.S; and the pandemic may have allowed feelings of helplessness to provide a fear-reducing mechanism. We expand upon these findings by discussing how social psychology can help us understand and modify behaviors related to health and social relations during major threats like a pandemic.

Foreign aid, grassroots activism, and the strength of applied community studies in aid-receiving countries: the case of community psychology / La ayuda exterior, el activismo de base y el valor de los estudios comunitarios aplicados en los países receptores de ayuda: el caso de la psicología comunitaria

What influences the strength of community psychology as an academic and professional field in countries receiving foreign aid? What impact does aid itself have? While capacity development is a major focus for donor countries and other international development agencies, there has been no empirical study of the relationship of aid to the strength of applied social research training in recipient countries. We coded the strength of community psychology in 67 aid-receiving nations and analyzed the factors predicting it, including nonviolent activism and development aid. As hypothesized according to dependency theory, aid is negatively correlated to the strength of community psychology in each country, and significantly explains the variance of the strength of the discipline over and above the influence of GDP per capita, income inequality, educational infrastructure, civil liberties, and nonviolent activism. We also find that the less aid received, the more strongly nonviolent activism predicts the strength of community psychology. Based on the case study literature, our findings support the observation that aid is managed in ways that exclude locally trained researchers and practitioners. We hypothesize how this might occur and offer suggestions for further qualitative research

¿Qué influye en la fuerza de la psicología comunitaria como campo académico y profesional en los países que reciben ayuda extranjera? ¿Qué repercusión tiene esta ayuda en sí misma? Si bien el desarrollo de capacidades es un elemento esencial para los países donantes y otras agencias internacionales de desarrollo, no ha habido un estudio empírico sobre la relación de la ayuda con la fuerza de la formación en investigación social aplicada en los países receptores. Codificamos la fortaleza de la psicología comunitaria en 67 países receptores de ayuda y analizamos los factores que la predicen, incluido el activismo no violento y la ayuda al desarrollo. Como hipótesis y según la teoría de la dependencia, la ayuda se correlaciona negativamente con la fortaleza de la psicología comunitaria en cada país y explica significativamente la variación de la fortaleza de la disciplina más allá de la influencia del PIB per cápita, la desigualdad de ingresos, la infraestructura educativa, las libertades civiles y el activismo no violento. También encontramos que cuanto menos ayuda se recibe, mejor predice el activismo no violento más extremo la fuerza de la psicología comunitaria. De acuerdo con la literatura de estudio de casos, nuestros hallazgos respaldan la observación de que esta ayuda se gestiona de manera que excluye a investigadores y profesionales formados localmente. Proponemos una hipótesis sobre cómo puede ocurrir esto y ofrecemos sugerencias para futuras investigaciones cualitativas

Construct Validation of Experimental Manipulations in Social Psychology: Current Practices and Recommendations for the Future.

Experimental manipulations in social psychology must exhibit construct validity by influencing their intended psychological constructs. Yet how do experimenters in social psychology attempt to establish the construct validity of their manipulations? Following a preregistered plan, we coded 348 experimental manipulations from the 2017 issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Representing a reliance on "on-the-fly" experimentation, the vast majority of these manipulations were created ad hoc for a given study and were not previously validated before implementation. A minority of manipulations had their construct validity evaluated by pilot testing before implementation or via a manipulation check. Of the manipulation checks administered, most were face valid, single-item self-reports, and only a few met criteria for "true" validation. In aggregate, roughly two fifths of manipulations relied solely on face validity. To the extent that they are representative of the field, these results suggest that best practices for validating manipulations are not commonplace-a potential contributor to replicability issues. These issues can be remedied by validating manipulations before implementation using validated manipulation checks, standardizing manipulation protocols, estimating the size and duration of manipulations' effects, and estimating each manipulation's effects on multiple constructs within the target nomological network.

Minimal but not meaningless: Seemingly arbitrary category labels can imply more than group membership.

Minimal group paradigms tend to involve contrived group distinctions, such as dot estimation tendencies and aesthetic preferences. Researchers assume that these novel category distinctions lack informational value. Our research tests this notion. Specifically, we used the classic overestimator versus underestimator and Klee versus Kandinsky minimal group paradigms to assess how category labels influence minimal group responses. In Study 1, we show that participants represented ingroup faces more favorably than outgroup faces, but also represented overestimator and underestimator category labels differently. In fact, the category label effect was larger than the intergroup effect, even though participants were told that estimation tendencies were unrelated to other cognitive tendencies or personality traits. In Study 2, we demonstrate that Klee and Kandinsky were also represented differently, but in this case, the intergroup effect was stronger than the category label effect. In Studies 3 and 4, we examined effects of category labels on how participants allocate resources to, evaluate, and ascribe traits to ingroup and outgroup members. We found both category label and intergroup effects when participants were assigned to overestimator and underestimator groups. However, we found only the intergroup effect when participants were assigned to Klee and Kandinsky groups. Together, this work advances but does not upend understanding of minimal group effects. We robustly replicate minimal intergroup bias in mental representations of faces, evaluations, trait inferences, and resource allocations. At the same time, we show that seemingly arbitrary category labels can imply characteristics about groups that may influence responses in intergroup contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Escritura e narração: uma epistolografia da loucura e a emergência de um carteiro / Scripture and narration: an epistolography of the madness and the emergence of a postman / Escritura y narración: una epistolografía de la locura y el surgimiento de un cartero

Este artigo apresenta parte de uma pesquisa realizada a partir do encontro com algumas cartas escritas por pacientes do antigo Hospício São Pedro (localizado em Porto Alegre/RS - Brasil). Trata-se de dezessete epístolas, datadas do início do século XX, as quais não foram enviadas aos destinatários, pois ficaram anexadas aos prontuários. Este estudo busca refletir sobre a noção de escritura a partir dessa "epistolografia do hospício", dando visibilidade a algumas dessas cartas. Os autores apresentam a construção do personagem "carteiro", que se constituiu como um dispositivo metodológico para este trabalho. Ao longo do texto, realizou-se uma breve contextualização sobre a escrita epistolar, relacionando com a "escrita da loucura". Discute-se sobre a escritura como um modo de narração, partindo dos postulados de Roland Barthes e Walter Benjamin. Entende-se que as palavras podem ser uma forma de lidar com a dor e de testemunhar os horrores vividos na clausura. (AU)

This article presents part of a research carried out from the meeting with some letters written by patients of the former Hospício São Pedro (located in Porto Alegre / RS - Brazil). These are seventeen epistles, dating from the early twentieth century, which were not sent to recipients because they were attached to their medical records. This study seeks to reflect on the notion of scripture from this "hospice epistolography", giving visibility to some of these letters. The authors present the construction of the character "postman", which was constituted as a methodological way for this work. Throughout the text, there was a brief contextualization about epistolary writing, relating to a "writing of madness". Scripture is discussed as a mode of narration, based on the postulates of Roland Barthes and Walter Benjamin, understanding that words can be a way of dealing with pain and witnessing the horrors lived in the enclosure. (AU)

Este artículo presenta parte de una investigación realizada a partir del encuentro con algunas cartas escritas por pacientes del antiguo Hospício São Pedro (ubicado en Porto Alegre / RS - Brasil). Estas son diecisiete cartas de principios del siglo XX, que no fueron enviadas a los destinatarios porque se quedaron guardadas junto a los registros médicos. Este estudio busca reflexionar sobre la noción de escritura de esta "epistolografía de hospicio", dando visibilidad a algunas de estas cartas. Los autores presentan la construcción del personaje "cartero", que se constituyó como un dispositivo metodológico para este trabajo. A lo largo del texto, se realizó una breve contextualización sobre la escritura epistolar, relacionada con la "escritura de locura". La escritura es entendida como un modo de narración, basado en los postulados de Roland Barthes y Walter Benjamin. Las palabras pueden ser una forma de tratar el dolor y testimoniar los horrores vividos en la clausura. (AU)

Self-competence increases the willingness to pay for social influence.

Theoretical works in social psychology and neuroscientific evidence have proposed that social rewards have intrinsic value, suggesting that people place a high premium on the ability to influence others. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether, and under what conditions, people are willing to forgo monetary reward for the sake of influencing others' decisions. In four experiments, online and lab-based participants competed with a rival for influence over a client. The majority of participants sacrificed some of their financial reward to increase their chance of being selected over their rival within the experiment. Willingness to pay was affected by the participant's current level of influence and performance, as participants were most likely to pay to promote their competence after having given good advice that had been ignored by the client using a situation where monetary incentives fail to explain human motivations, our experiments highlight the intrinsic value of social influence.

Mass Panic Disaster Management in COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic occurred abruptly. It is an unexpected disaster. Uncertain treatment for this viral infection increases excessive anxiety, which does not occur only in one person but also in majority of people; therefore, it can create mass panic. Mass panic is a serious problem that must be immediately identified and managed. Mass panic management will reduce COVID-19 incidence.

Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) Psychology: Measuring and Mapping Scales of Cultural and Psychological Distance.

In this article, we present a tool and a method for measuring the psychological and cultural distance between societies and creating a distance scale with any population as the point of comparison. Because psychological data are dominated by samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) nations, and overwhelmingly, the United States, we focused on distance from the United States. We also present distance from China, the country with the largest population and second largest economy, which is a common cultural comparison. We applied the fixation index (FST), a meaningful statistic in evolutionary theory, to the World Values Survey of cultural beliefs and behaviors. As the extreme WEIRDness of the literature begins to dissolve, our tool will become more useful for designing, planning, and justifying a wide range of comparative psychological projects. Our code and accompanying online application allow for comparisons between any two countries. Analyses of regional diversity reveal the relative homogeneity of the United States. Cultural distance predicts various psychological outcomes.

Meu Herói és Tu, como crianças podem combater COVID-19 [texto]

Este livro foi um projeto desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Referência sobre Saúde Mental e Apoio Psicossocial em Emergências Humanitárias do Comitê Permanente Interagências (IASC GR SMAPS). O projeto foi apoiado por especialistas de organizações globais, regionais e locais das agências integrantes do IASC GR SMAPS, além de pais, mães, cuidadores, professores e crianças em 104 países. Realizou-se uma investigação global em árabe, inglês, italiano, francês e espanhol para avaliar a saúde mental e as necessidades psicossociais das crianças durante o surto de COVID-19. Os resultados desta pesquisa foram utilizados para desenvolver uma estrutura de tópicos a serem abordados através da história contada neste livro. O livro foi compartilhado através da narração para crianças em vários países afetados pelo COVID-19. Assim, ofeedback de crianças, pais, mães e cuidadores foi utilizado para rever e atualizar a história. Mais de 1.700 crianças, pais, mães, cuidadores e professores de todo o mundo compartilharam conosco como estavam a lidar com a pandemia do COVID-19. Agradecemos a essas crianças, seus pais e mães, cuidadores e professores por responderem nossas pesquisas e influenciarem esta história. Esta é uma história desenvolvida para e por crianças de todo o mundo. O IASC GR SMAPS agradece a Helen Patuck por escrever o roteiro da história e ilustrar este livro. Link para todos os idiomas disponíveis: https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/iasc-reference-group-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-emergency-settings/my-hero-you

Mentoring Programs by and for a New Generation of Latino Investigators in Behavioral-Social Science HIV Research.

Latinos represent a critical resource of talent that could be cultivated to expand the HIV research workforce. However, their rapid growth, as the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group in the US population, has yet to translate into a significant increase in Latino health academic researchers. Historically, strategies to build a diverse research workforce have grouped together individuals from underrepresented minority populations obscuring significance between and within group differences. This limits approaches that are responsive to the diversity of needs and experiences of emerging investigators from underrepresented groups. In this article, we discuss challenges associated with heterogeneity of Latinos and barriers that impede research independence/career success in the context of a review of Latino-investigator targeted mentorship approaches on the behavioral-social science of HIV infection. Mentorship workforce strategies could benefit from a personalized framework emphasizing individualized and tailored approaches to address the limitations and gaps in knowledge regarding Latino research development. This perspective encourages increased emphasis on organizational and structural processes to aid in overcoming institutional-level barriers that impede research and career development. Recommendations are proposed for features and components of effective mentorship programs that will lead to robust outcomes for strengthening the Latino research workforce in the HIV research field and elsewhere.

Cómo construir un psicólogo-chatbot / How to create a psychologist-chatbot

El desarrollo de agentes conversacionales o chatbots se ha visto incrementado en las últimas décadas, especialmente en el sector comercial. No obstante, si bien el primer bot conversacional de la historia presentaba una apariencia de psicoterapeuta, son pocos los agentes virtuales con este tipo de funciones construidos hasta la fecha. En el presente trabajo, exponemos las bases para diseñar un chatbot psicólogo, concretamente, un bot con funciones de evaluación psicológica. Para ello, revisamos las herramientas disponibles para diseñarlo y configurarlo, y los conceptos básicos para su construcción. Asimismo, proponemos una serie de objetivos de evaluación que habrían de guiar el diálogo del agente conversacional. Finalmente, exponemos una reflexión acerca de las ventajas e inconvenientes de los chatbots y sobre las líneas de actuación que serían necesarias para desarrollarlos con garantías científicas

In recent decades, the development of conversational agents or chatbots has increased, especially in the commercial sector. Although the first chatbot in computational history was presented as a psychotherapist, few virtual agents with this type of function have been built since then. In the present article we describe the fundamental aspects of designing a psychologist-chatbot and,more specifically, a bot with psychological assessment functions. We review the available tools and the basic concepts for its construction. We also propose a series of assessment objectives that would guide the conversational agent's dialogue. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of chatbots and the scientific guarantees that they need to fulfill

On Attenuated Interactions, Measurement Error, and Statistical Power: Guidelines for Social and Personality Psychologists.

The replication crisis has seen increased focus on best practice techniques to improve the reliability of scientific findings. What remains elusive to many researchers and is frequently misunderstood is that predictions involving interactions dramatically affect the calculation of statistical power. Using recent papers published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (PSPB), we illustrate the pitfalls of improper power estimations in studies where attenuated interactions are predicted. Our investigation shows why even a programmatic series of six studies employing 2 × 2 designs, with samples exceeding N = 500, can be woefully underpowered to detect genuine effects. We also highlight the importance of accounting for error-prone measures when estimating effect sizes and calculating power, explaining why even positive results can mislead when power is low. We then provide five guidelines for researchers to avoid these pitfalls, including cautioning against the heuristic that a series of underpowered studies approximates the credibility of one well-powered study.

Gray (Literature) Matters: Evidence of Selective Hypothesis Reporting in Social Psychological Research.

Selective reporting practices (SRPs)-adding, dropping, or altering study elements when preparing reports for publication-are thought to increase false positives in scientific research. Yet analyses of SRPs have been limited to self-reports or analyses of pre-registered and published studies. To assess SRPs in social psychological research more broadly, we compared doctoral dissertations defended between 1999 and 2017 with the publications based on those dissertations. Selective reporting occurred in nearly 50% of studies. Fully supported dissertation hypotheses were 3 times more likely to be published than unsupported hypotheses, while unsupported hypotheses were nearly 4 times more likely to be dropped from publications. Few hypotheses were found to be altered or added post hoc. Dissertation studies with fewer supported hypotheses were more likely to remove participants or measures from publications. Selective hypothesis reporting and dropped measures significantly predicted greater hypothesis support in published studies, supporting concerns that SRPs may increase Type 1 error risk.

You don't need to administer a placebo to elicit a placebo effect: Social factors trigger neurobiological pathways to enhance sports performance.

The placebo effect is traditionally viewed as a positive outcome resulting from a person's belief that an inert substance is in fact an active drug. In this context, it is often viewed as an intrapsychic phenomenon. However, most placebo effects reported in scientific research result from social interactions. These might be explicit, such as the description and administration of a treatment by a practitioner, or less explicit, for example, the recipient's perceptions of the practitioner's credibility, expertise, or confidence. On this basis, placebo effects are arguably social in origin. Many phenomena in sport are likewise social in origin, from the facilitation effects of a home field crowd or a cohesive team, to anxiety induced by an expert opponent or perceived underperformance. Such social effects have been the subject of research not only in social psychology, but also in experimental physiology. Emergent research in cognitive and evolutionary anthropology suggests that these social effects can be examined as a form of placebo effect. This suggestion is not a speculative position predicated on social and placebo effects sharing similar environmental cues and outcomes, but one based on a growing database indicating that drug, placebo, and social effects operate via common neurobiological mechanisms. In this paper, we examine the theoretical and empirical overlap between placebo and social effects and describe emergent research reporting specific brain pathways activated by socio-environmental cues as well as by drugs and placebos. We do so from three perspectives: the competitor, the teammate, the researcher.